The Office Energy Transformation: From Pre-Pandemic Practices to 2025's DC-Powered Future
A Comprehensive Guide to Retrofit Best Practices, Emerging Technologies, and Regulatory Shifts
By Robert Kroon
Executive Summary
Energy retrofit best practices are important for building retrofits. There are considerable differences between pre-pandemic and today’s best practices.
The landscape of office environments is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by an urgent global imperative for sustainability and a fundamental shift in how buildings consume and generate energy. This report details the evolution of office energy retrofit best practices, highlighting the accelerating push towards Direct Current (DC)-powered buildings, a movement underpinned by technological advancements, evolving regulatory frameworks, and a heightened focus on energy efficiency and resilience.
Today's retrofit strategies are moving beyond incremental improvements to embrace integrated, intelligent systems. Technologies such as Power over Ethernet (PoE), Fault-Managed Power (FMP), solar and wind microgrids, and battery-powered agile furniture are not merely components but foundational elements of a new energy paradigm.
These innovations promise significant energy savings, enhanced operational flexibility, and greater energy security. Concurrently, the regulatory environment, marked by stringent Building Performance Standards (BPS) and critical updates to the National Electrical Code (NEC), is actively facilitating this transition. Industry alliances, including the FMP Alliance, Ethernet Alliance (PoE), and Current/OS, are playing pivotal roles in standardizing, educating, and accelerating the adoption of DC power infrastructure.
“The transition to DC-powered buildings is not just an efficiency measure but a strategic imperative for future-proofing commercial real estate. ”
The report concludes that the transition to DC-powered buildings is not just an efficiency measure but a strategic imperative for future-proofing commercial real estate.
Stakeholders are advised to engage with these changes proactively, leveraging financial incentives, embracing integrated energy management systems, and fostering collaborative partnerships to navigate this complex yet highly beneficial energy revolution.
Introduction: Reshaping Office Environments for 2025
The global commitment to mitigating climate change and reducing carbon emissions has placed energy efficiency at the forefront of commercial building development. Existing building stock, which constitutes a significant portion of urban energy consumption, necessitates strategic retrofits to align with new environmental goals and performance benchmarks.[1] This imperative extends beyond mere compliance, evolving into a competitive advantage for building owners and operators.
“Historically overshadowed by Alternating Current (AC) for grid distribution, DC is re-emerging as a foundational element for modern building electrical infrastructure.”
Central to this transformation is the rising prominence of Direct Current (DC) power. Historically overshadowed by Alternating Current (AC) for grid distribution, DC is re-emerging as a foundational element for modern building electrical infrastructure. This resurgence is driven by the proliferation of native DC energy sources, such as solar photovoltaics and battery storage, and an increasing array of DC end-use devices, including LED lighting, computers, and consumer electronics.]2] Aligning building power distribution with these inherent DC loads promises improved efficiency, enhanced resilience, and substantial cost savings. The shift is not simply about adopting a new technology but optimizing the electrical infrastructure to match the native power requirements of contemporary building loads and energy generation, thereby minimizing energy loss from repeated AC-DC conversions.
This report aims to inform and educate readers on the growing push for DC-powered buildings, particularly in the context of office retrofits. It will explore the evolution of best practices, detail key DC-centric technologies, analyze the activities of influential industry organizations, and highlight significant regulatory changes that are collectively shaping the future of energy in commercial real estate.
Evolution of Office Energy Retrofit Best Practices
The strategies for improving energy performance in office buildings have undergone a significant evolution, particularly when comparing the period before the COVID-19 pandemic to the projected landscape of 2025. This shift reflects not only technological advancements but also a heightened awareness of sustainability and the profound impact of changing work models.
Pre-Pandemic Approaches (Before 2020)
Prior to 2020, office energy retrofits often focused on "deep" or "comprehensive" measures, aiming to reduce energy use by up to 40%.5 These retrofits typically encompassed multiple energy efficiency upgrades across heating, cooling, and lighting systems. Utility programs played a notable role in promoting these comprehensive efforts, though their data was often limited due to their nascent stages or the subsequent slowdown caused by the pandemic.[5]
“Prior to 2020, office energy retrofits often focused on “deep” or “comprehensive” measures, aiming to reduce energy use by up to 40%. The pre-pandemic approach, while aiming for efficiency, was often reactive and fragmented, primarily driven by immediate cost savings and utility incentives rather than a holistic, strategic commitment to sustainability. ”
Foundational practices included offering low-cost energy assessments and diligently collecting energy-use data. These practices were crucial for identifying and quantifying potential energy savings. Programs were often categorized into models such as existing-building commissioning (EBCx), custom programs, and performance-based initiatives.[5]
Early technology adoption centered on Energy Management Systems (EnMS) for monitoring and optimizing energy consumption, and Building Automation Systems (BAS) for automating and controlling HVAC, elevator, and lighting operations.[6]
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) also gained traction, demonstrating significant energy savings, with studies indicating up to a 75% reduction in hardware utilization and nearly a 90% decrease in energy footprint per user.[6]
Despite these efforts, a significant barrier to widespread adoption of deep retrofits was the "split incentives" problem. This economic discrepancy arose when the party responsible for funding the retrofit (e.g., building owner) did not fully benefit from the resulting energy savings, which often accrued to tenants. This misalignment frequently prevented necessary investments in more extensive, long-term efficiency upgrades.[5]
The pre-pandemic approach, while aiming for efficiency, was often reactive and fragmented, primarily driven by immediate cost savings and utility incentives rather than a holistic, strategic commitment to sustainability. The underlying trend towards digital management existed, but without the urgent, systemic push that would emerge later.
2025 Best Practices
“A holistic energy strategy is now paramount, moving beyond isolated improvements to encompass comprehensive system optimization.”
The year 2025 marks a significant advancement in energy retrofit strategies, characterized by more stringent standards and a pervasive integration of smart technologies. Building Performance Standards (BPS) have undergone substantial revisions at the federal level, mandating more rigorous energy usage measures and actively encouraging the integration of renewable energy solutions in construction and retrofits.[1] These changes reflect a national commitment to reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental stewardship in the built environment.
A holistic energy strategy is now paramount, moving beyond isolated improvements to encompass comprehensive system optimization. This includes minimizing energy use across IT, cooling, and power systems, actively reusing waste heat, and reducing water consumption for cooling.[7]
Insights from energy-intensive environments, such as data centers, are increasingly shaping retrofit practices in office spaces. As early adopters, data centers showcase the advantages of high-efficiency power supplies, like those rated 80 PLUS® Titanium, which achieve over 90% efficiency. They also utilize advanced aisle containment systems to prevent air mixing and are increasingly adopting DC power distribution to reduce conversion losses.[7]
The role of renewable energy has been significantly bolstered in the new standards, with strong incentives for incorporating solar, wind, and geothermal energy solutions. In some cases, mandatory solar installations on new buildings are becoming a requirement.[1]
The transition from encouragement to mandates for renewable energy highlights the urgent need and strategic significance of decarbonization. While compliance with these strict requirements may be more complex, it ultimately offers greater long-term benefits. Professionals are encouraged to get involved in the compliance process early during the design phase and to utilize professional consulting services and advanced software tools for simulating energy performance and ensuring adherence to standards.[1]
The 2025 landscape signifies a maturation of energy retrofit strategies, transitioning from a focus on mere energy savings to optimizing overall building performance for sustainability and resilience. The regulatory environment now actively mandates sustainability, creating a strong market pull for advanced technologies.
Impact of Hybrid Work Models
The widespread adoption of hybrid work models and activity-based workspaces has profoundly influenced office energy consumption patterns and retrofit strategies. This shift has led to a notable "de-densification" of contemporary offices, a crucial trend that can result in significant energy demand reductions. Preliminary research suggests that office energy demand could fall below pre-COVID-19 levels, with potential energy savings reaching up to 50% compared to pre-pandemic baselines.[8]
The broader environmental implications of remote work are substantial. If office workers globally were to work from home just one day per week, it could lead to a 1% saving in global oil consumption annually and an annual decline of 24 million tons of CO2 emissions, even accounting for anticipated increases in residential energy consumption.[8] This highlights the indirect but significant impact of workplace flexibility on global carbon footprints.
Pre-pandemic office designs often featured high densities, driven by rental costs, which frequently compromised indoor environmental quality (IEQ), leading to issues with acoustics and thermal comfort. The current trend of de-densification is a critical anticipated change, improving occupant comfort and creating new opportunities for more flexible and targeted energy management within the reconfigured office spaces.[8]
This means that retrofit strategies must now account for highly variable occupancy, shifting the focus from maximizing efficiency for constant high loads to optimizing for dynamic, often lower, average loads. This dynamic environment makes flexible, modular, and DC-based power solutions particularly attractive, as they can be scaled and reconfigured more easily than traditional fixed AC infrastructure.
Table 1: Comparison of Office Energy Retrofit Best Practices (Pre-Pandemic vs. 2025)
The Growing Momentum for DC-Powered Buildings
The increasing adoption of Direct Current (DC) power in buildings is a fundamental shift, moving beyond a niche application to a mainstream solution for modern energy infrastructure. This momentum is driven by several compelling factors and offers a multitude of benefits.
Drivers of DC Adoption
A primary driver for DC power adoption is the proliferation of native DC devices and energy sources. Modern buildings are increasingly populated by technologies that inherently operate on DC, such as LED lighting, computers, laptops, and consumer electronics.2 Simultaneously, renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaics (PV) and battery energy storage systems (ESS) generate and store power in DC form.2 In traditional AC-centric buildings, power from these sources and to these devices must undergo multiple AC-DC or DC-AC conversions, each incurring energy losses.
“Modern buildings are increasingly populated by technologies that inherently operate on DC, such as LED lighting, computers, laptops, and consumer electronics.”
The growing number of these DC-native components creates a compelling efficiency argument for direct DC distribution, as it minimizes these wasteful conversions. This indicates that the "DC Revolution" is less about choosing a new technology and more about optimizing the electrical infrastructure to match the native power requirements of contemporary building loads and energy generation, thereby improving overall system efficiency.
Beyond efficiency, DC power distribution offers significant advantages in resilience and cost savings. By facilitating direct integration with onsite renewables and storage, DC systems enhance a building's ability to operate independently during grid outages, thereby improving energy security and reliability.[2] The elimination of multiple conversion stages also reduces equipment complexity and associated costs, contributing to overall project savings.
Core Benefits of DC Distribution
The benefits of implementing DC power distribution are synergistic, creating a compounding effect on building performance and operational costs.
Enhanced Energy Efficiency is a cornerstone advantage. Direct DC distribution eliminates the energy losses inherent in multiple AC-DC conversions that occur when powering native DC devices from an AC grid. This can lead to estimated energy savings of 2-8% simply by removing these conversion losses.[9] When integrated into DC building microgrids, these savings can be even more substantial, reaching 10-18%.[10] For instance, reducing plug load power requirements with efficient DC-powered devices also lowers the heat load within the space, which in turn decreases the overall cooling capacity required for the office, potentially yielding a 7% reduction in HVAC cooling capacity and up to 15% in total energy and emissions savings for a typical 30,000 square foot office.[9]
Improved Resilience and Reliability are critical in an era of increasing grid instability. DC systems seamlessly integrate with DC-powered renewable energy sources like solar PV and battery storage, enabling the creation of robust microgrids that can operate independently during grid outages.[9] Technologies like Fault-Managed Power (FMP) further enhance reliability by instantaneously isolating faults and rerouting power, ensuring continuous operation.[1]3 This capability provides a critical layer of energy security for essential building functions.
Cost Savings and Simplified Installation are significant practical benefits. Low-Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) wiring has more lenient installation requirements compared to traditional AC wiring. It often allows for exposed routing using simple J-hooks or cable trays, eliminating the need for expensive and labor-intensive conduit.[2]
Furthermore, installation and modifications of LVDC systems may only require a licensed low-voltage contractor, rather than a full electrician, which can significantly reduce labor costs and help address the shrinking pool of skilled tradespeople in the construction industry.[9] This streamlined process also potentially avoids intensive permitting requirements, accelerating project timelines.
The inherent efficiency of DC-powered devices leads to a reduced heat load within the building. Less power consumption translates to less waste heat generated by electronics, which directly lessens the demand on the building's cooling systems. This reduction in cooling load contributes to further energy savings and can extend the lifespan of electronic equipment.[9]
Finally, DC power fosters enhanced flexibility and agility in office design. LVDC systems support flexible and fluid space designs, enabling easier and quicker reconfiguration of workstations and devices without the need for extensive and costly rewiring. This adaptability is particularly valuable in modern agile workplaces that frequently reconfigure layouts to meet evolving needs.[2]
Historical Context of DC Power
The current momentum for DC power is not a new phenomenon but a resurgence rooted in the early history of electricity. The late 1880s saw the famous "War of the Currents," primarily between Thomas Edison, who championed Direct Current (DC), and Nikola Tesla, whose Alternating Current (AC) system was promoted by George Westinghouse.[12]
“This historical context reveals that the modern resurgence of DC is not a simple return to the past. Instead, it is driven by advancements in power electronics and the proliferation of native DC loads and sources, effectively overcoming the historical limitations that once favored AC.”
Edison's DC was the initial standard in the U.S., successfully powering buildings in immediate vicinities. However, DC's significant limitation was its inability to be easily converted to higher or lower voltages, restricting its transmission distance to little more than a kilometer.[12]
This made it inefficient for large-scale grid distribution. Tesla and Westinghouse's AC system, with its ability to be easily transformed to different voltages, ultimately triumphed, becoming the dominant standard for long-distance power transmission and grid infrastructure by the late 19th century.[12]
Despite AC's widespread dominance, DC power continued to be used in niche applications, especially where its unique characteristics provided advantages. Notably, DC power distribution saw a significant resurgence in data centers over a decade ago.[4]
In these energy-intensive environments, converting incoming AC power to DC once and then distributing it throughout the data center improved overall efficiency by approximately 5-7% compared to even the most efficient AC equipment.[4] This gain was achieved by eliminating the multiple AC-DC conversions that typically occur within Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) units and individual server power supplies.
This historical context reveals that the modern resurgence of DC is not a simple return to the past. Instead, it is driven by advancements in power electronics and the proliferation of native DC loads and sources, effectively overcoming the historical limitations that once favored AC. This represents a technologically advanced "revenge" of DC, where its inherent efficiencies for specific applications, especially within buildings, are now fully realizable.
Advanced DC-Centric Technologies for Office Retrofits
The push towards DC-powered buildings is materialized through several advanced technologies, each offering distinct advantages for office retrofits, particularly in terms of energy efficiency, flexibility, and safety.
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a network technology that delivers both electrical power and data over a single standard Ethernet cable.18 This eliminates the need for separate electrical wiring, streamlining installation and reducing overall infrastructure costs.18 PoE standards vary in power delivery: IEEE 802.3af provides up to 15.4 watts, 802.3at (PoE+) up to 30 watts, and 802.3bt (PoE++) up to 60-90 watts.[18]
For office retrofits, PoE offers several compelling benefits. It simplifies cabling and reduces infrastructure costs by combining power and data, eliminating the need for additional electrical outlets or extensive rewiring. This results in substantial savings in installation labor and material costs, making it particularly attractive for upgrading older buildings.[2] Its low-voltage nature also makes it safer and faster to deploy, often without requiring a licensed electrician for the final device connection.[2]
Power over Ethernet (PoE) facilitates centralized power management, making it easier to monitor and control connected devices. This capability can enhance system uptime and optimize energy use. PoE is particularly well-suited for various modern office applications, such as security cameras, Wi-Fi access points, IoT sensors, and smart lighting.
Looking ahead, PoE is expected to play a vital role in charging battery systems integrated into flexible furniture, thereby reducing the reliance on traditional 120V AC power outlets. Centralized power management, allowing for easier monitoring and control of connected devices, can enhance uptime and energy optimization.[2]
PoE is ideally suited for a wide range of modern office applications, including security cameras, Wi-Fi access points, IoT sensors, and smart lighting.[2] Looking ahead, PoE is anticipated to play a crucial role in charging battery systems integrated into agile furniture, further reducing the reliance on traditional 120V AC power outlets.[20]
“For office retrofits, PoE offers several compelling benefits. It simplifies cabling and reduces infrastructure costs by combining power and data, eliminating the need for additional electrical outlets or extensive rewiring. ”
Despite its advantages, PoE has limitations. Its power output is capped at 100W with PoE++, and its distance limit is approximately 100 meters per cable, necessitating PoE switches or injectors for extended runs.[18]
Not all devices are compatible with Power over Ethernet (PoE), which necessitates careful equipment selection. PoE is a well-established method for distributing low-power direct current (DC), and it has significantly facilitated the use of DC in buildings, especially for smart, connected devices. Its widespread standardization and established supply chain make it an easily deployable solution for many retrofit projects. However, the inherent limitations in power and distance of PoE create a need for higher-power DC solutions, such as FMP, for building-wide applications. This highlights a natural progression in DC power capabilities.
Fault-Managed Power (FMP)
Fault-Managed Power (FMP), also known as Class 4 power (as defined in Article 726 of the 2023 National Electrical Code), represents a state-of-the-art power distribution system designed to safely deliver high power levels over long distances while significantly reducing the risk of fire and shock.[14] FMP converts Alternating Current (AC) power to high-voltage Direct Current (DC), typically 336V, through a solid-state transmitter. This transmitter pulses the DC power in 2-millisecond "packets" (1.5ms pulse followed by a 0.5ms pause). At the destination, a receiver converts this pulsed DC into the required load type, which can be various DC voltages or even AC power up to 277V, with 480V capabilities currently in development.[14]
“Fault-Managed Power (FMP), also known as Class 4 power (as defined in Article 726 of the 2023 National Electrical Code), represents a state-of-the-art power distribution system designed to safely deliver high power levels over long distances while significantly reducing the risk of fire and shock.”
FMP offers significant advantages over both PoE and traditional AC systems. In terms of higher power and extended range, FMP can deliver up to 2 KW per pair of #16 AWG conductors, vastly exceeding PoE's 100W limit. It can transmit power over 500 feet, and in some applications, up to 2 kilometers, far surpassing PoE's 100-meter constraint.[14] An 8-pair #16 multiconductor cable can deliver 16 KW of power in a single 0.75-inch diameter cable, eliminating the need for expensive and labor-intensive conduit routing.[14]
Enhanced safety is a core design principle of FMP. The transmitter continuously verifies the pulse reaching the receiver and immediately shuts off power (within milliseconds) if any anomaly or fault is detected. This proactive fault prevention prevents electrical shock and eliminates arc flash concerns, making it inherently safer than traditional AC distribution.[13]
FMP also provides a streamlined installation process. It utilizes IT installation practices, employing lightweight, low-gauge cables, cable trays, and j-hooks, which are quick to deploy. Crucially, these systems can often be installed by technicians rather than licensed electricians, significantly reducing labor costs and helping to address the shortage of skilled tradespeople in the construction industry.14 This is particularly beneficial for retrofitting older buildings where space for new wiring is limited, as the thin and flexible digital electricity cable can be routed through tight spaces without conduit.[24]
Furthermore, integrated monitoring is inherent to FMP systems. Power monitoring data is readily available in the software, eliminating the need for supplemental devices, wiring, or equipment, which provides significant cost savings and better visibility into energy usage patterns.[13]
FMP is aligning with the evolving needs of construction companies and has already been deployed in over 1,000 buildings globally, including offices, hotels, airports, and data centers.[13] It is ideal for powering high-demand devices like large displays, wireless networks, and HVAC systems. FMP represents a critical evolution in DC power distribution, effectively bridging the gap between low-power PoE and high-voltage AC.
Its inherent safety features, combined with simplified installation and higher power/distance capabilities, position it as a disruptive technology that can accelerate the transition to DC-powered buildings, especially for complex retrofits and large-scale deployments. The ability for IT technicians to install FMP is a game-changer for project timelines and costs, fundamentally shifting traditional electrical work paradigms.
Direct DC (Non-FMP) In-Building Distribution
Direct DC (non-FMP) in-building distribution refers to the direct use of low-voltage DC (LVDC) for native DC components within an office building, typically at voltages like 24V or 48V. This approach applies to a wide array of devices, including computer desktops, LED monitors, laptops, USB outlets, VoIP phones, LED lighting, TVs, printers, signage, motorized shades, exhaust fans, and HVAC motors.[2]
“The benefits of direct DC distribution are substantial. Direct energy savings are realized by eliminating the multiple AC-DC conversions that occur when powering native DC devices from an AC grid. ”
The benefits of direct DC distribution are substantial. Direct energy savings are realized by eliminating the multiple AC-DC conversions that occur when powering native DC devices from an AC grid. This reduces plug load power requirements and subsequently lowers the heat load generated, which in turn decreases the overall cooling capacity needed for the office space. This can lead to significant energy and cost savings.[2]
Simplified wiring and installation are also key advantages. LVDC wiring methods are more lenient than traditional AC, allowing for exposed routing with J-hooks or cable trays instead of rigid conduit.[2] This can be installed by licensed low-voltage contractors, potentially without intensive permitting, further streamlining the retrofit process. The inherent safety of low voltage (below 50V) also reduces hazards associated with installation.[9]
Furthermore, direct DC distribution enhances flexibility. It supports flexible and fluid space designs, making it significantly easier to reconfigure workstations and devices without complex and costly rewiring. This adaptability is crucial for modern agile workplaces.[2]
Despite these advantages, the current adoption status of direct DC distribution in grid-connected buildings remains largely in the demonstration phase, with few actual buildings fully utilizing it directly from onsite DC sources.[2] The need for hybrid AC/DC solutions primarily arises because while modern devices like monitors and displays are internally DC-powered, the industry has been slow to universally adopt external DC power inputs or standardized DC-native models across all product lines. This means that buildings, which are supplied with AC power from the utility grid [9], must still convert this AC to DC for these devices, or rely on devices with internal AC-DC converters, leading to energy losses.[4]
Hybrid solutions, such as FMP or central AC-DC rectifiers, bridge this gap by converting AC to DC for efficient distribution within the building, even if the end devices still require an AC input or a specific DC voltage conversion at the point of use.[9]
Several barriers impede widespread development:
Lack of a Mature Market: There is limited availability and incompatibility of a broad range of DC-ready equipment and converters beyond niche applications.[4]
Low Technical and Market Awareness: Insufficient understanding among building professionals, including engineers, electricians, and owners, hinders adoption.[4]
Technological Issues: Concerns related to safety, grounding, and fault protection persist, although FMP addresses many of these for higher power levels.[4]
Lack of Consensus on Standards: The absence of agreed-upon core technology standards, voltage levels, and receptacle configurations creates uncertainty for manufacturers and installers.[4]
Status Quo Bias: Overcoming the deeply entrenched AC building electrification paradigm presents a significant hurdle.[4]
To overcome these adoption challenges, several recommendations have been put forth:
Research and Data: More comprehensive research on cost-effectiveness and the deployment of demonstration projects are needed to validate performance, costs, and raise awareness among stakeholders.[4]
Standards Development: Accelerating the development of protection standards and reaching consensus on DC voltage standards are crucial for market confidence and interoperability.[4]
Training and Outreach: Implementing targeted training programs for engineers and electricians can significantly increase technical awareness and competency. Increased communication and outreach efforts are also vital to educate the broader market.[4]
Targeted Use Cases: Focusing on specific use cases where DC offers clear and undeniable advantages over AC can help jumpstart the technology's broader adoption.[4]
While FMP addresses the "backbone" of DC distribution, direct LVDC focuses on the "last mile" to end devices. The primary challenge for widespread direct DC adoption is ecosystem maturity – the "chicken and egg" problem of device availability and infrastructure readiness. The push for FMP (Class 4) in the NEC and UL standards is a critical regulatory step that could significantly de-risk and accelerate the development of a mature market for direct DC devices by providing a standardized, safe, and robust power delivery mechanism.
Solar and Wind Turbine Microgrids
“Microgrids, especially hybrid wind-solar systems, are pivotal for achieving true energy independence and deep decarbonization in office buildings. ”
The integration of onsite renewable energy generation through microgrids is a cornerstone of modern, sustainable office retrofits. Microgrids are localized grids that integrate distributed energy resources (DERs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and controllable loads. They are designed to ensure secure and efficient energy distribution and can operate independently upon loss of the normal AC supply, significantly enhancing energy resilience and security for a site.[26]
Companies like Hover Energy are at the forefront of developing hybrid wind-solar microgrid solutions. Their Wind-Powered Microgrid™ systems combine wind turbines, solar panels, and battery storage to deliver reliable, high-volume power, often 24 hours a day.[26] Wind turbine arrays are strategically mounted along the windward edges of building rooftops, frequently producing a multiple of the power per square foot compared to solar panels, which are typically mounted in the center of the roof away from shadows.[27] This unique combination maximizes onsite energy capture.
A 100,000 Kwh wind turbine. Image courtesy of Hover Energy
At the heart of these advanced microgrids lies an Intelligent Energy Management System (IEMS). For instance, Hover Energy utilizes an IBM-powered control system that intelligently combines energy generated by both AC (wind) and DC (solar) sources into a clean, unified power stream (e e.g., 480V 3-Phase).[27] This system continuously manages energy flow and perpetually optimizes power generation and consumption based on real-time site conditions.
The benefits of such microgrids are profound:
Carbon Footprint Reduction and Net Zero: They enable a significant reduction in carbon emissions, allowing sites to achieve net-zero or even net-positive energy goals, aligning with the broader push for "real zero" emissions.[26]
Energy Security and Independence: By generating power on-site and integrating storage, microgrids provide a resilient and secure energy source, significantly reducing reliance on the centralized utility grid and protecting against outages.
High Energy Density: These systems offer an optimal solution for built environments and island communities that have limited physical area for onsite power generation, maximizing energy output from a compact footprint.[27]
Microgrids, especially hybrid wind-solar systems, are pivotal for achieving true energy independence and deep decarbonization in office buildings. The integration of intelligent management systems (IEMS) that seamlessly handle both AC and DC sources highlights the increasing sophistication of building energy infrastructure, moving towards self-optimizing, resilient "living systems" capable of adapting to changing conditions. This directly supports the push for DC-powered buildings by providing a native DC generation source that integrates seamlessly into the building's internal DC distribution network.
Battery-Powered Agile Furniture
“Battery-powered agile furniture represents a tangible manifestation of the DC power revolution at the user interface level, directly addressing the evolving needs of hybrid and flexible workplaces.”
Battery-powered agile furniture represents a tangible manifestation of the DC power revolution at the user interface level, directly addressing the evolving needs of hybrid and flexible workplaces. Products like August Berres' Respond! and Juce are designed for high mobility and durability, making them ideal for agile work environments that require frequent reconfigurations.[20] These furniture pieces are compatible with various power inputs, including USB-C, traditional 120V AC connections, and emerging Fault-Managed Power (FMP) systems.[20]
The energy implications and benefits of such furniture are significant:
August Berres’ Respond Desk: battery-powered and mobile, providing DC power for newer devices and AC power for legacy products.
Reduced Infrastructure Costs: By providing cordless power, these solutions eliminate the need for extensive fixed electrical wiring and numerous floor outlets, leading to lower capital investment during construction or retrofit and reduced operating costs over time.[20]
Enhanced Flexibility and Aesthetics: The absence of unsightly cords and wires on the floor creates cleaner, more aesthetically pleasing workspaces and enables effortless movement and reconfiguration of furniture without the need for permits or inspections related to electrical changes.[20] This also offers a simple way to technologically upgrade older or historical buildings while minimizing structural impact.
Energy Efficiency: DC-powered buildings, which these furniture systems support, are estimated to save approximately 30% of energy.[20] Furthermore, battery systems within the furniture can be charged by PoE, further reducing the reliance on traditional 120V AC power and optimizing energy consumption, especially when integrated with "agile" energy tariffs that allow charging during off-peak, cheaper times.[20]
Battery-powered agile furniture is not just about aesthetics or mobility; it is a strategic component in the DC building ecosystem. It enables flexible power delivery, reduces the need for traditional AC outlets, and lowers retrofit complexity and cost. Its compatibility with FMP and potential for PoE charging demonstrates how these diverse DC technologies converge to create a truly adaptable and energy-efficient office environment, moving power closer to the point of use and enhancing the user experience.
Table 2: Key Characteristics of PoE, FMP, and Direct DC Distribution
The Expanding Role of Displays and Monitors in the Workplace
Beyond individual workstations, the modern office is witnessing a significant expansion in the use of large-format displays, digital signage, and interactive screens in common areas, meeting rooms, lobbies, and collaborative spaces. These displays are employed for dynamic information sharing, wayfinding, branding, and facilitating interactive collaboration.[29] This proliferation signifies a fundamental shift in how information is consumed and how collaboration occurs in contemporary offices. These displays, often operating continuously or for extended periods, represent a substantial and growing portion of a building's plug load, making their energy consumption a critical consideration for overall energy efficiency in retrofits. This trend necessitates smart energy management for these devices to prevent them from becoming significant energy drains.
Energy Consumption Considerations and Efficiency Strategies
“Large digital displays are considerable power users, especially if left on 24/7. Even small improvements in their energy consumption can lead to rapid and significant savings, particularly when multiple screens are deployed across a facility.”
Large digital displays are considerable power users, especially if left on 24/7. Even small improvements in their energy consumption can lead to rapid and significant savings, particularly when multiple screens are deployed across a facility.[29]
Hardware efficiency is a key priority. Modern displays primarily use LED backlighting or OLED technology, both of which are significantly more energy-efficient than older fluorescent or halogen options. LEDs can consume 50-70% less electricity and have much longer lifespans, ranging from 50,000 to 100,000 hours, making them ideal for continuous operation. Choosing ENERGY STAR-certified hardware is an important strategy, as these products meet strict energy efficiency standards and can lead to substantial cost savings over their lifetime. For example, a 23-inch ENERGY STAR monitor can save between $39 and $48 compared to a less efficient model throughout its lifespan. Additionally, federal agencies are required to purchase ENERGY STAR-qualified products.[33]
Software and Content Optimization play an equally vital role in managing display energy consumption. Displays equipped with smart brightness controls and ambient light sensors can automatically adjust screen brightness to suit ambient lighting conditions, thereby optimizing energy use.[29]
Scheduling features allow for pre-setting displays to switch on or off based on occupancy or operational hours, ensuring they are only active when needed.[31]
Integrated motion sensors can further enhance efficiency by waking displays from energy-saving sleep modes only when someone approaches the screen.[31]
Furthermore, the content displayed on the screen matters for power consumption. Bright whites and flashy animations demand more energy, while darker backgrounds and simpler visuals with fewer moving parts consume less power, especially on OLED displays.[29]
Finally, using Efficient enterprise-grade media players instead of full PCs to feed content to digital signage screens can significantly reduce energy consumption, as they use only a fraction of the power of most PCs.[31]
Beyond direct energy savings, reducing power consumption in displays offers other benefits. Less power translates to less heat generated by the screens, which contributes to longer device longevity and quieter operation due to reduced fan activity.[29] This holistic approach to efficiency for large displays highlights the importance of integrated building management systems that can dynamically control and optimize display energy use based on occupancy and ambient conditions.
A successful retrofit for displays requires not just hardware upgrades but also a robust content management system and seamless integration with the building's overall automation system, demonstrating a deeper level of smart building integration.
Key Organizations Driving DC Power Adoption
The accelerating transition to DC-powered buildings is significantly influenced by the concerted efforts of several industry organizations dedicated to standardization, advocacy, and education.
FMP Alliance
“This collective action signals a significant shift from individual company efforts to a standardized, collaborative push, which is crucial for overcoming market barriers and building confidence among adopters.”
The FMP Alliance is an association of industry-leading organizations driving the adoption of safe, sustainable Fault-Managed Power (FMP) technology.21 Its mission is to propel the global transition to FMP systems, envisioning a future where every community has access to safe, reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy.[21]
The FMP Alliance was formed relatively recently, in April 2024.[35] Its founding partners, including prominent entities like VoltServer, Belden, and Panduit, bring extensive expertise in power technology to the alliance.[35] This very recent formation is a strong indicator of FMP technology's emerging maturity and the industry's concerted effort to accelerate its adoption, particularly following its inclusion in the 2023 National Electrical Code (NEC). This collective action signals a significant shift from individual company efforts to a standardized, collaborative push, which is crucial for overcoming market barriers and building confidence among adopters.
The FMP Alliance's key activities include championing the merits and applications of FMP, advocating for industry standards (such as UL certification and the incorporation of FMP into the 2023 NEC).[21] The alliance also provides education and awareness through various channels and offers tiered memberships (Principal, Contributing, Adopter, Observer) to facilitate participation and provide access to market research, training, and networking opportunities.[21]
PoE Alliance (Ethernet Alliance)
“ While the exact founding date of the PoE Certification program is not explicitly stated in the provided information, PoE technology itself has been in use for over 20 years.”
The Ethernet Alliance is a global consortium of member organizations dedicated to the advancement of Ethernet technologies. It serves as the "voice of Ethernet," playing a vital role in facilitating its commercialization and bridging the gap between technology standards and end-users.[37]
The Alliance offers a dedicated Power over Ethernet (PoE) Certification program that is essential for ensuring the interoperability and reliability of PoE products. This program provides a comprehensive framework that includes overviews, getting-started guides, infographics, a registry of certified devices, approved test equipment, and detailed test plans.[37]
Beyond certification, the Ethernet Alliance actively publishes a 2025 Ethernet Roadmap, a bi-weekly newsletter, and maintains a blog portal that offers industry insights, technology deep dives, and best practices.37 It also preserves the history of Ethernet through its "Voices of Ethernet" oral history archive. While the exact founding date of the PoE Certification program is not explicitly stated in the provided information, PoE technology itself has been in use for over 20 years.[24]
Furthermore, other DC advocacy groups, such as the EMerge Alliance, were formed as early as 2008 [38], indicating that significant advocacy for DC power in buildings predates the pandemic. The Ethernet Alliance's long-standing presence and robust PoE certification program provide a stable and mature foundation for low-power DC distribution in buildings. Its focus on interoperability and standardization has been crucial for PoE's widespread adoption, demonstrating that the current "DC Revolution" is built upon decades of foundational work and standardization by such groups.
Current/OS
“Current/OS represents a significant, concerted effort to create a comprehensive, standardized, and interoperable ecosystem for DC power in buildings globally.”
Current/OS is an independent, non-profit, global partnership that is open to all electricity stakeholders and manufacturers. Its core mission is to promote Direct Current (DC) electrical safety and enhance energy resilience to ensure reliable access to electricity for all.[40]
The organization defines itself as a "Current-Operated System" because electricity fundamentally governs the system, with voltage indicating available power. This allows all connected devices to adapt their behavior, such as accelerating or slowing down, managing their load, or even feeding power back into the grid from their batteries (e.g., electric vehicles) when needed.[40] This concept envisions a seamless operation among various DC components like solar panels, EV charging stations, LED lights, and other electronics.
Current/OS fosters a global community and collaboration, initiated by industry leaders, with its DC community extending across North America, Europe, and Asia.[40] It actively engages in DC organizations, programs, and events worldwide to promote collaboration and convergence in the industry.
The organization operates with transparent governance through various bodies. These include Committees (e.g., Technical, Certification, Marketing, Education), which are working groups that meet online to shape the roadmap and drive initiatives. Plenary Sessions are in-person conferences held three times a year, featuring keynotes, workshops, and brainstorming sessions to foster deep discussions. Partners Forums are informal online meetings for partners to present case studies and share insights. A Board of Partners provides strategic vision, approves budgets, and ensures committee alignment.[40] While the exact founding date for Current/OS is not explicitly provided in the snippets, its active engagement and global reach suggest it is a relatively recent but rapidly growing initiative, aligning with the accelerated push for DC power.
Current/OS represents a substantial effort to establish a comprehensive, standardized, and interoperable ecosystem for DC power in buildings worldwide. Its focus on a "Current-Operated System," in which devices adjust their behavior, highlights a future of intelligent, self-managing electrical grids within buildings. This integrated approach, which emphasizes safety, resilience, and global collaboration, is essential for accelerating broad adoption of DC power beyond individual technologies.
EMerge Alliance
“The EMerge Alliance’s overarching goal is to enhance power resiliency, surety, and equity.”
The EMerge Alliance, formed in 2008, is a membership-based, non-profit industry association established to create and promote new vanguard standards for direct current (DC) and hybrid AC/DC power infrastructure in buildings, neighborhoods, and communities.[38] Their overarching goal is to enhance power resiliency, surety, and equity.
The EMerge Alliance's key priorities include developing vanguard system standards for hybrid AC/DC microgrids through dedicated committees (e.g., the Microgrids Committee and the Grid of Grids Interconnection Committee).[39] They also focus on catalyzing fast market development through technology demonstrations of live microgrid electric power systems and educating the industry on various microgrid applications and their supporting ecosystems.[39] The EMerge Alliance's founding in 2008 highlights that significant advocacy and standardization efforts for DC power in buildings were underway well before the pandemic. This demonstrates a sustained, long-term industry interest in DC, providing a historical foundation for the current accelerated push. Their focus on hybrid AC/DC microgrids also illustrates a pragmatic approach to integrating DC into existing AC infrastructure, paving the way for broader adoption.
Table 3: Overview of Key Organizations Driving DC Power Adoption
Regulatory Landscape and Policy Shifts
The regulatory environment has undergone significant transformations since before the pandemic, actively shaping and accelerating the adoption of energy-efficient and DC-powered building solutions.
National Electrical Code (NEC) Updates
“A pivotal change in the regulatory landscape is the introduction of Article 726 in the 2023 NEC, specifically covering Class 4 Fault-Managed Power Systems.”
A pivotal change in the regulatory landscape is the introduction of Article 726 in the 2023 NEC, specifically covering Class 4 Fault-Managed Power Systems.[14] This new article formally defines FMP as a powering system that monitors for faults and controls the current delivered to ensure energy is limited during a fault event. This inclusion signifies a major step in legitimizing and standardizing FMP as a safe and viable high-power DC distribution method.
Concurrently, UL Solutions has published supporting standards, including UL 1400-1 for FMP systems and UL 1400-2 for Class 4 cables, further bolstering confidence in the technology's safety and performance.[14] The inclusion of Article 726 in the 2023 NEC is a watershed moment, formally recognizing and standardizing FMP. This regulatory shift significantly de-risks FMP adoption and is a direct enabler for the broader push for DC-powered buildings.
Beyond FMP, the 2020 NEC also introduced several other relevant changes and expanded requirements for new technologies. These included the consolidation of overvoltage protection requirements into a new Article 242, replacing previous Articles 280 and 285.[41] The code also addressed the expanded use of energy storage systems and microgrid installations, reflecting a growing emphasis on distributed energy resources.[42]
Furthermore, new sections (90.2(A)(5) and (6)) were added to address installations providing shore power to watercraft and, significantly, exporting power from electric vehicles to premises wiring, recognizing the increasing prevalence of bidirectional power flow in buildings.[42] These changes, focusing on energy storage, microgrids, and EV integration, demonstrate a broader regulatory trend towards supporting distributed energy resources and flexible power systems, which inherently align with DC power.
Before 2020, there was no dedicated article for Fault-Managed Power in the NEC.[22] While general low-voltage definitions existed (e.g., NEC Article 725 for systems up to 49V, established in 2005 [43]), the comprehensive framework for higher-power, fault-managed DC was absent. Similarly, NFPA 70E, which addresses electrical safety in the workplace, historically focused predominantly on AC equipment, with specific steps towards addressing DC electrical safety only emerging around 2012.[44] The absence of a dedicated article for FMP pre-2023 is a key point of comparison, highlighting the rapid regulatory adaptation to new energy technologies.
Building Performance Standards (BPS)
“While BPS existed before the pandemic, the 2025 updates represent a significant tightening of requirements and a stronger, more explicit push for technology integration and renewables compared to earlier versions.”
Building Performance Standards (BPS) have become increasingly stringent, particularly with the 2025 updates. Federal BPS have undergone significant revisions to incorporate more rigorous measures on energy usage and to actively encourage the integration of renewable energy in construction and retrofits.1 These changes reflect a national commitment to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability in the built environment.
The updates also mandate the broader adoption of smart building technologies, including the use of AI for better building management and advanced insulating materials, all aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and occupant comfort.[1] The standards set higher benchmarks for energy efficiency, including requirements for better thermal insulation, high-efficiency HVAC systems, and, notably, mandatory solar installations on new buildings.[1]
Incentives for incorporating other renewable energy sources, such as wind and geothermal solutions, have also been strengthened.[1] This regulatory escalation moves from recommendations to mandates for energy efficiency and renewable integration, creating a powerful top-down driver for office retrofits to embrace advanced solutions, including DC power, as these technologies inherently support the goals of reduced energy usage and increased on-site generation.
It is important to note the importance of local amendments to national codes, as these can significantly impact compliance requirements.1 For example, Washington D.C. adopted the 2000 IECC in 2004 and passed the D.C. Green Building Act in 2006, requiring LEED certification for large commercial developments.[45] While BPS existed before the pandemic, the 2025 updates represent a significant tightening of requirements and a stronger, more explicit push for technology integration and renewables compared to earlier versions.[47]
ASHRAE Standards
“ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2022, published in January 2023, demonstrates continuous improvement in energy efficiency, showing national average site energy savings of 9.8% compared to its 2019 edition”
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) plays a critical role in setting energy efficiency benchmarks for commercial buildings. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2022, published in January 2023, demonstrates continuous improvement in energy efficiency, showing national average site energy savings of 9.8% compared to its 2019 edition.[48] This standard sets the technical benchmarks that drive energy performance in commercial buildings.
ASHRAE also provides specialized guidance for energy-intensive environments. The ASHRAE TC 9.9 Datacom Encyclopedia, which evolved in 2024 from the longstanding Datacom Series, collects essential knowledge on data center design, operations, cooling technologies, and energy efficiency.[49] Standard 127-2020 specifically addresses the method of testing for air-conditioning units serving data centers.[49]
The evolution of the Datacom Encyclopedia explicitly acknowledges the increasing importance of energy efficiency in data centers, which are often pioneers in DC power adoption. This indicates a technical community that is actively supporting and refining best practices that implicitly or explicitly enable DC adoption through a focus on overall system efficiency. ASHRAE has a long history of developing and continuously updating standards and guidelines, such as Standard 34-2019 for refrigerants [50], with established procedures for regular revisions.[48]
UL Standards
“UL Solutions has published new standards, including UL 1400-1, which outlines the requirements for FMP systems, and UL 1400-2, which outlines the requirements for Class 4 cables”
UL (Underwriters Laboratories) is a globally recognized authority in safety science, with a history spanning over 120 years since its founding in 1894.[52] Its mission has consistently been to promote safe living and working environments through the development of safety standards for electrical products and systems.
In the context of DC power, UL's development of specific safety standards for Fault-Managed Power (FMP) is a critical step in building market confidence and accelerating widespread adoption. UL Solutions has published new standards, including UL 1400-1, which outlines the requirements for FMP systems, and UL 1400-2, which outlines the requirements for Class 4 cables.[13]
These standards ensure that the new, higher-power DC distribution methods are as safe, if not safer, than traditional AC. The collaboration between regulatory bodies like the NEC and safety testing/certification organizations like UL provides a robust framework for the safe deployment of DC power in buildings, moving it from demonstration to widespread commercial deployment in retrofits.
Table 4: Significant Regulatory Changes Impacting Building Energy & DC Power (Post-2019)
Challenges and Strategic Recommendations for Future Retrofits
While the momentum for DC-powered buildings is undeniable, several challenges must be addressed to facilitate widespread adoption. Strategic recommendations are essential to navigate these complexities and maximize the benefits of future retrofits.
Addressing Technological and Market Barriers for Widespread DC Adoption
Despite the clear benefits, the market for direct DC distribution in grid-connected buildings remains largely in the demonstration phase.4 A major barrier is the
Lack of a mature market for DC-ready equipment. Beyond niche applications, there is limited availability and incompatibility of native DC devices and converters, creating a "chicken and egg" problem where manufacturers are hesitant to produce DC-native products without sufficient demand, and demand is stifled by a lack of product availability.[4]
Compounding this is low awareness and education among key stakeholders. Insufficient technical and market understanding among building professionals, including engineers, electricians, and building owners, impedes informed decision-making and adoption.4
Furthermore, while significant progress has been made by organizations like the FMP Alliance and the Current/OS standardization gaps persist. A lack of full consensus on core technology standards, voltage levels, and receptacle configurations for broader DC distribution creates uncertainty and hinders interoperability.[4] Finally, overcoming the deeply entrenched status quo bias towards established AC infrastructure and practices presents a significant hurdle for widespread DC adoption.[4]
These challenges are systemic, not merely technical. Overcoming them requires a multi-pronged approach involving coordinated industry collaboration, robust regulatory support, and targeted educational initiatives. The rapid progress of FMP, with its recent inclusion in the NEC and dedicated alliances, suggests these barriers are actively being addressed, providing a blueprint for broader DC adoption.
Leveraging Financial Incentives and Professional Consultancy
To accelerate the adoption of comprehensive and DC-centric retrofits, leveraging financial incentives is paramount. Combining federal, state, and local funding mechanisms can significantly help develop new programs and expand existing ones.5 Providing upfront and performance-based incentives, rebates, and flexible financing options can effectively help building owners overcome the initial capital investment and perceived total project cost barriers, making sustainable choices more economically viable.[5]
Equally important is the role of professional consultancy and early engagement. Building owners and project teams are strongly advised to engage with the compliance process early in the design phase of a retrofit. Utilizing professional consultancy services ensures that all aspects of new, more stringent standards are adequately addressed, optimizing the design for long-term benefits and compliance.[1] This expert guidance helps mitigate the perceived risks associated with adopting new technologies ensuring that investments yield maximum returns in energy savings and operational efficiency.
Importance of Early Engagement and Adaptive Compliance Strategies
As building energy standards become increasingly rigorous, adopting adaptive and proactive compliance strategies will be crucial. The focus must shift from mere compliance to performance optimization and leadership in sustainability.[1] This requires a forward-looking approach that anticipates future regulatory changes and technological advancements.
Developing a robust network of partners is essential for successful retrofits. Identifying key partnerships with utilities, technology providers, and specialized contractors can enable the delivery of turnkey services, simplifying the retrofit process for building owners and significantly increasing program participation and success.[5]
Finally, improved data access and analytics are indispensable. Accelerating the deployment of analytical tools that leverage smart meters and advanced data management systems provides better visibility into building operations. This enhanced data visibility improves the accuracy of measurement and verification of energy savings, allowing for continuous optimization and performance management.[5]
The future of retrofits demands a strategic, data-driven, and collaborative approach. Buildings are increasingly becoming "living systems" that require continuous optimization, not just one-time upgrades. This necessitates strong partnerships, advanced analytics, and flexible infrastructure to adapt to evolving energy demands and regulatory landscapes.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The research presented in this report underscores a definitive and accelerating push towards DC-powered buildings, particularly in the context of office retrofits. This transition is not a fleeting trend but a fundamental realignment of building infrastructure with the inherent nature of modern electronics and renewable energy sources. The era of AC dominance, while foundational, is being challenged by DC's superior efficiency, resilience, and flexibility for in-building applications.
Key Conclusions:
Paradigm Shift in Retrofits: Office energy retrofits are evolving from reactive, cost-driven measures to proactive, integrated strategies focused on holistic building performance, deep decarbonization, and enhanced resilience. The hybrid work model is further driving this shift by necessitating flexible, adaptable power solutions.
DC as the Native Power for Modern Buildings: The proliferation of DC-native devices (LEDs, computers, sensors) and DC energy sources (solar, batteries) makes direct DC distribution inherently more efficient by eliminating multiple AC-DC conversions, leading to significant energy and cost savings.
FMP as a Game-Changer: Fault-Managed Power (FMP) is a critical enabler for widespread DC adoption. Its ability to safely deliver high power over long distances using simplified IT-style cabling, coupled with immediate fault detection and the ability to be installed by technicians, addresses key limitations of PoE and traditional AC, making complex retrofits more feasible and cost-effective.
Regulatory Support is Accelerating Adoption: Recent updates to the National Electrical Code (NEC), particularly the inclusion of Article 726 for Class 4 FMP in 2023, along with more stringent Building Performance Standards (BPS) and supporting UL standards, provide a robust regulatory framework that legitimizes and de-risks DC power deployment.
Collaborative Ecosystem is Maturing: Organizations like the FMP Alliance, Ethernet Alliance (PoE), Current/OS, and EMerge Alliance are actively driving standardization, market development, and education, fostering a collaborative ecosystem crucial for overcoming market inertia and building confidence.
Hidden Energy Footprint of Digitalization: The growing reliance on AI and large interactive displays, while enhancing functionality, also creates a substantial energy and water footprint in supporting data centers. This necessitates a holistic view of energy efficiency that extends beyond the building envelope to the entire digital infrastructure.
Strategic Recommendations for Stakeholders:
Embrace DC as a Strategic Imperative: Building owners and developers should recognize DC power not merely as an efficiency upgrade but as a foundational element for future-proofing assets, enhancing resilience, and meeting increasingly stringent sustainability mandates.
Prioritize Integrated Design: Retrofit projects should adopt a holistic design approach that integrates onsite renewable energy generation (solar/wind microgrids), intelligent energy management systems (IEMS), and various DC distribution technologies (PoE, FMP, direct LVDC) to maximize synergistic benefits.
Invest in Agile Infrastructure: Given the shift to hybrid and agile workplaces, prioritize flexible power solutions like battery-powered furniture and modular DC distribution systems that can adapt to dynamic occupancy and reconfigurable layouts, reducing future renovation costs.
Leverage New Regulatory Frameworks: Actively engage with local and national building codes and standards (e.g., NEC Article 726, 2025 BPS) to ensure compliance and capitalize on the safety and installation advantages offered by new DC technologies, particularly FMP.
Foster Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration: Encourage collaboration between traditional electrical contractors and IT professionals for FMP and LVDC installations. Engage with industry alliances and professional consultants to stay abreast of evolving standards, best practices, and financial incentives.
Adopt Data-Driven Energy Management: Implement advanced analytics and smart metering to gain real-time visibility into energy consumption patterns, enabling continuous optimization of building operations and accurate measurement of retrofit performance, including the energy impact of digital displays and AI-driven services.
Consider the Full Digital Footprint: While optimizing in-building energy, also consider the energy and water consumption of off-site data centers supporting smart building functionalities and interactive displays, advocating for efficient data center design and renewable energy sourcing for these critical services.
By proactively adopting these strategies, commercial real estate stakeholders can not only achieve significant energy savings and reduce carbon emissions but also create more resilient, flexible, and technologically advanced office environments that are well-positioned for the demands of 2025 and beyond.
August Berres is the leading provider of Agile Workplace furniture solutions, a critical component of the best practices in building retrofits.
Contact us to learn how we can support your projects.
Works cited
Navigating 2025 U.S. Building Performance Standards - Vert Energy Group, accessed July 14, 2025, https://vertenergygroup.com/essential-guide-to-navigating-u-s-building-performance-standards-in-2025/
(PDF) Adoption Pathways for DC Power Distribution in Buildings, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358053590_Adoption_Pathways_for_DC_Power_Distribution_in_Buildings
Adoption Pathways for DC Power Distribution in Buildings - Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts, accessed July 14, 2025, https://energyanalysis.lbl.gov/publications/adoption-pathways-dc-power
Adoption Pathways for DC Power Distribution in ... - Publications, accessed July 14, 2025, https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/80378.pdf
Here's How to Scale Energy-Saving Commercial Building Retrofits | ACEEE, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.aceee.org/blog-post/2022/05/heres-how-scale-energy-saving-commercial-building-retrofits
Energy Efficiency as the Industry's Way to Survive the Covid-19 Crisis, accessed July 14, 2025, https://accept.aseanenergy.org/energy-efficiency-as-the-industrys-way-to-survive-the-covid-19-crisis/
Best Practices in Energy-Efficient Data Center Design in 2025 - Keentel Engineering, accessed July 14, 2025, https://keentelengineering.com/best-practices-in-energy-efficient-data-center-design
The office of the future: Operational energy consumption in the post-pandemic era - PMC, accessed July 14, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8754501/
Low Voltage Direct Current Power Distribution in Commercial Offices - RSP Architects, accessed July 14, 2025, https://rsparch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/LVDC_WP_1022.pdf
DC Lighting and Building Microgrids - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/media/file/DC_Lighting_and_Microgrids_White_Paper_09-09-2020.pdf
Low-Voltage Direct Current and the Future of Commercial Office Buildings | RSP Architects, accessed July 14, 2025, https://rsparch.com/insight/low-voltage-direct-current-and-the-future-of-commercial-office-buildings/
DC Microgrids in Buildings, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.ashb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IS-2020-92-1.pdf
The Rise of Fault Managed Power in Modern Building Design - VoltServer Digital Electricity, accessed July 14, 2025, https://voltserver.com/blog/2025/05/19/the-rise-of-fault-managed-power-in-modern-building-design/
What is Fault Managed Power (FMP)? - Southland Industries, accessed July 14, 2025, https://southlandind.com/article/what-fault-managed-power-fmp
The War of the Currents: AC vs. DC Power - Department of Energy, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.energy.gov/articles/war-currents-ac-vs-dc-power
Eyewitness to dc history - ResearchGate, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3438644_Eyewitness_to_dc_history
Edison's Final Revenge | American Scientist, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.americanscientist.org/article/edisons-final-revenge
What is Power Over Ethernet? PoE Benefits, Limitations & Use Cases for Networks - Gābl Media | Building Connections that Shape the Future of Architecture and Design, accessed July 14, 2025, https://gablmedia.com/evaluating-the-advantages-and-limitations-of-poe-technology-in-diverse-network-environments/
Understanding Power over Ethernet (PoE): Benefits for Smart Home Devices, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.decimatech.com/blog/understanding-power-over-ethernet-poe-benefits-for-smart-home-devices
General 6 - August Berres, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.augustberres.com/news
FMP Alliance, accessed July 14, 2025, https://fmpalliance.org/
Article 726 Class 4 Fault-Managed Power Systems. - Electrical License Renewal, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.electricallicenserenewal.com/Electrical-Continuing-Education-Courses/NEC-Content.php?sectionID=1574
Fault Managed Power | Cence Power, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.cencepower.com/blog-posts/fault-managed-power
It's All Your Fault: Fault-managed power develops into a viable technology to serve customers' evolving needs, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.ecmag.com/magazine/articles/article-detail/it's-all-your-fault-fault-managed-power-develops-into-a-viable-technology-to-serve-customers-evolving-needs
DC Microgrid Deployments and Challenges: A Comprehensive Review of Academic and Corporate Implementations - MDPI, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/5/1064
Hover Energy: Homepage, accessed July 14, 2025, https://hoverenergy.com/
Solutions - Hover Energy, accessed July 14, 2025, https://hoverenergy.com/solutions/
Enjoying the free energy on agile : r/OctopusEnergy - Reddit, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/OctopusEnergy/comments/1lmnhgw/enjoying_the_free_energy_on_agile/
Energy-Efficient Digital Signage Displays - Rise Vision, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.risevision.com/blog/energy-efficient-digital-signage-displays
The SMART Board GX | Interactivity you can trust, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.smarttech.com/education/products/interactive-displays/gx-series
How to optimise the energy efficiency of your Digital Signage - Signagelive, accessed July 14, 2025, https://signagelive.com/how-to-optimise-the-energy-efficiency-of-your-digital-signage/
Best Practices for Energy Efficiency in Digital Signage Software Systems - MetroClick, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.metroclick.com/digital-signage/software/best-practices-for-energy-efficiency-in-digital-signage-software-systems/
Purchasing Energy-Efficient Displays and Monitors, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.energy.gov/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-displays-and-monitors
Explained: Generative AI's environmental impact | MIT News, accessed July 14, 2025, https://news.mit.edu/2025/explained-generative-ai-environmental-impact-0117
FMP Alliance Forms to Advance Innovative Fault Managed Power Technology - VoltServer, accessed July 14, 2025, https://voltserver.com/blog/2024/04/10/fmp-alliance-forms-to-advance-fault-managed-power/
Belden Becomes a Founding Member of FMP Alliance to Advance Fault-Managed Power Technology - The Readable, accessed July 14, 2025, https://thereadable.co/belden-becomes-a-founding-member-of-fmp-alliance-to-advance-fault-managed-power-technology/
Ethernet Alliance, accessed July 14, 2025, https://ethernetalliance.org/
www.emergealliance.org, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.emergealliance.org/about/#:~:text=The%20EMerge%20Alliance%20is%20a,in%20buildings%2C%20neighborhoods%20and%20communities.
About - EMerge Alliance, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.emergealliance.org/about/
About Us - Current/OS, accessed July 14, 2025, https://currentos.org/about-us/
Summary of the Changes— 2020 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE® - Mike Holt, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.mikeholt.com/files/PDF/2020_CC_Summaries.pdf
Every Three Years: Significant Changes in the 2020 NEC - Electrical Contractor Magazine, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.ecmag.com/magazine/articles/article-detail/codes-standards-every-three-years-significant-changes-2020-nec
Low voltage - Wikipedia, accessed July 14, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_voltage
THE EVOLUTION OF DC IN NFPA 70E - Vertiv, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.vertiv.com/48db98/globalassets/documents/battcon-static-assets/2011/the-evolution-of-dc-in-nfpa-70e.pdf
Washington, DC | Building Energy Codes Program, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.energycodes.gov/status/states/washington-dc
Energy and Green Building | dob - DC Department of Buildings, accessed July 14, 2025, https://dob.dc.gov/service/energy-and-green-building
Impacts of Model Building Energy Codes, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/Impacts_of_Model_Energy_Codes_2023.pdf
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2022: Energy Savings Analysis, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/2024-02/Standard_90.1-2022_Final_Determination_TSD.pdf
ASHRAE Data Center Resources, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/datacom-series
Standards and Guidelines - Ashrae, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines
TPS - Titles, Purposes, and Scopes - ASHRAE, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/titles-purposes-and-scopes
History | UL Solutions, accessed July 14, 2025, https://www.ul.com/about/history
UL Standards & Engagement: Home, accessed July 14, 2025, https://ulse.org/
